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This helps to understand the reason of such behaviour so that the parents can manage it. The chart will allow you to track your performance regarding the activities from Monday to Friday.

You may also check out here Chart Examples. Free Download Childrens Behaviour Chart kidpointz. Follow these tips for a perfect pour of Hefeweizen: 1. Sit back and enjoy! Check out this perfect pour:. Big Boss Brewing Co. Industry News Issue The Difference Between Porter and Stout. Beer The Fundamental Steps of Brewing. Top 25 Lawnmower Beers. All 50 States Ranked for Beer. It is concluded that such pro-poor income growths from such innovative, technologically managed production systems should be encouraged and supported; as this holds the potential of reducing global food insecurity and poverty in the African continent.

Moreover, as it is predicated on the basic principles that: the biological aspects of soil fertility - which improves soil health - are a key feature of sustainable productivity. Indeed, overcoming soil OM decline is an important component in the development of more conservative and sustainable agricultural productive systems; especially in the degraded savannah soils of Africa. To be able to achieve increased and sustained less chemicals and thus healthy food production in these regions, there is a need to adopt this alternative integrated and practical soil fertility management method which incorporates and conserves organic nutrient sources that can also serve as a buffer for minimizing the negative effects of fertilizers.

Evidences from conservative, organic agriculture CA, OA studies as this, is sustainable and productive. Key words: Sustainable, conservation, organic, agriculture, productivity, clipped, biomass, fodder, regenerate, pro- poor, innovative.

But a proportionately large amount of available nutrients are retained in the vegetative cover and the soil— OM accumulates on the surface and subsequently mixes with the upper part of the soil. As such, if the vegetative cover is removed for cultivation as in traditional farming systems and densely populated areas, where the pressures of urbanization on the land can lead to shortening of the fallow period; so that soil fertility can no longer be restored and the soil put under intensive use without ensuring that the soil — OM is maintained at an appropriate level, with the attendant result that the fertility of the soil declines rapidly.

Other factors consequential to the low fertility status of these soils includes amongst others the fact that nutrients are constantly exported in the form of harvested crops soil mining ; high rainfall intensity — resulting in compaction and the hardening of soils, erosion, leaching — leading to low soil — OM content, low CEC, and low water retention capacity.

Compounding this problem is the permanent agriculture system practiced in the tropics which generally lead to in severe nutrient depletion in sub-Saharan Africa Zake, As a result of the combination of all these factors, crop yields do not increase as expected in spite of the progress made in agricultural research on crop yield improvement. On most soils, fertilizer use efficiency decreases due to the deterioration of the soils as thousands of hectares of arable land are destroyed irrevocably every year Kurt, Consequently, it is reported that more than 10kg N, 4kg P 2O5 and 10kgK2O per hectare per year are lost from the soil Zake, It is estimated that 1.

Over half of the worlds grasslands are degraded Action Aid, Consequently, one major problem of most African soils is the rehabilitation of the degraded soils. While farmers resort to the use of chemical inorganic fertilizers to supplement or provide more nutrients to the crop Cooke, ; Kurt, ; they fail to realize that the mere application of fertilizers to the soil does not necessarily trigger crop productivity Zake, Rather, this continuous use of chemical fertilizers for crop production has given rise to situations where for instance, Labe reported that a millet crop now requires higher fertility rates to produce at optimum level capacity soils.

Moreover, the use of chemical fertilizers beyond their immediate effects on crop yields has its draw backs. Tian et al. Enwezor et al. In recent times, serious attention and criticism has been raised on grounds of the serious damage caused to the environment by fertilizers and other chemical herbicides, pesticides and fungicides residues. Nevertheless, these responses are reported to be ameliorated through practices known to provide the soil with organic matter from decaying plant residue, such as clipped cowpea fodder Lu and Hue, ; Woomer and Mulchena, ; Odion and Singh, a.

Moreover, the clipping management facilitates the production of large amounts of green plant organic biomass fresh fodder on- farm which can be put to various uses. Essentially, it further proves that Sustainable agriculture can greatly increase productivity among resource poor small holder farming communities in developing countries.

This is particularly true if the existing farming system uses few fertilizers and other chemicals, which is largely the case for Nigeria and Africa as a whole. Moreover, CA has the potential to bring higher prices in emerging markets because of the quality and safety of its production.

Consequently, such pro- poor income growths originating from sustainable agricultural development as this, need to be encouraged and supported; as evident by the facts that it is productive and has the potential of reducing hunger, poverty and food insecurity in the region, Africa and the world in general Sambo, ; ActionAid, ; Ching, The need for standardized environmental performance indicators EPIs which link financial and environmental performance in order to support the quality of decision making of stakeholders cannot be overemphasized.

In spite of the existence or underway development of a number of guidelines for measuring and disclosing environmental performance, many environmental indicators are of a limited benefit due to the lack of standardization of environmental information.

Most information today moves in a digital format and people often go to the internet for information. Sustainability information, however, has largely remained in print, but report preparers and users have much to gain by moving environmental and social performance information into the wider digital flow of information.

This paper therefore, while showcasing the importance of and need for environmental accounting and reporting, provides a recipe underscored by information standardization through the engagement of the twenty-first century corporate reporting language known as eXtensible Business Reporting Language XBRL. It thus recommends that Nigeria and the developing countries should embrace the XBRL technology as they cannot afford to be left behind by the fast spreading current worldwide future reporting standard.

This is because the adverse impacts of the company activities, products and services on the environment may significantly endanger its existence, prosperity, and may even result in its liquidation. The protection of the environment represents a highly relevant topic because negative environmental impacts are connected with the activity of each entity i. Hyrslova and Hajek, It is essential that an information system must always be in accordance with information needs of its users.

This means that collection, recording, analysis, as well as reporting of information must, in the best possible way, fill the information needs of the most important interested parties. The information system must be capable of providing information to relevant users in the form enabling them to make decision.

Thus, the attributes of such an information system must include the enablement to: have quick access to necessary information without time delay ; have possibility to examine company data in integrated form, as well as in detailed form; have possibility to analyze the established data; easily detect trends of planned or managed processes; and have possibility to continuously communicate and discuss the established facts.

Where the aims of an organization include a sound approach to the environment and improvements of economic performance, it is imperative that the management and other interested parties must have at their disposal information concerning the environmental aspects and impacts of the company activities, products and services on the environment, as well as their economic consequences.

This paper showcases environmental accounting as a system that provides the aforementioned information, protects the environment and enhances sustainability reporting. Making this connection is the challenge to enterprise and the accounting profession, and to the broad audience whose interest is environmental protection.

Sustainability and climate change are key issues confronting Nigeria and the global environment. If the various environmental problems are to be tackled, then there is need to access meaningful data through a global and digital medium such as XBRL. The implication of this is that organizations will be able to adopt a uniform approach that can then be aggregated in real time overcoming any information lag issues which will enable better strategic responses to the long term impacts of business upon the environment, leading to more sustainable approaches to business enterprise.

This paper has endevoured to bring to limelight, the XBRL which is a global standard that is now gaining acceptance and Nigeria as well as the developing world must be aware that XBRL will soon become the international digital language of business. Its adoption is not a matter of if, but when.

It has posited that the XBRL offers a way-out opportunity to the challenges of environmental and sustainability reporting in the twenty-first century as a result of its Standardized Business Reporting SBR features.

As companies prepare to launch into their initial XBRL-based communications, proper planning and internal communication will be essential. These would be designed to help company leaders and academics understand this new communication standard and transit interested parties e.

The establishment of electronic government mechanisms for easy access to corporate social responsibility information is made possible through the more appropriate xbrl format. Advisory committees that will pave the way for requiring companies to turn their environmental financial statements into more easily searchable, comparable, and interactive documents must be constituted.

For example, all publicly traded companies could be required to file audited XBRL financial statements in three to five years. In the near term, the largest companies could be required to use the extensible business reporting language to tag their environmental data and share that information with the regulatory bodies without an external auditor's review.

The XBRL concept, projects, and education should form a strong part of the curricula in schools at tertiary and secondary levels. What are the relevant costs? How can the long term benefits be quantified? What is the proper conversion process? Should the current financial reporting system run parallel to the XBRL system?

Should the implementation work or the reporting system be outsourced to consultancies? What role should be played in the conversion to a mandated XBRL-based financial reporting environment? Coffin, Z. Cohen, E. Gilbert, D. Willis, M. ABSTRACT Nigeria has for many years been over dependent on conventional and imported building materials which are rather costly and beyond the affordability of the common man. The building industry in Nigeria is encapsulated with shortage of affordable building and construction materials.

People have difficulties building houses of their own because the costs of building materials are astronomically high. A look inward reveal that Nigeria has a good number of agro-allied wastes, industrial wastes and mineral deposits such as rice husk, saw dust, coconut fiber, palm kernel fibre, marble dust,caicium cabonate to mention but a few. Rice husk dumps are mountainously available in alarming proportion in Abakaliki and other communities.

The rice husk dumps contribute immensely to environmental pollution, degradation and hazards. The evacuation of rice dumps. From these communities requires urgent attention. With an optimized ratio the researcher used Rice husk, marble dust, pulp, cement and water to produce ebonite roofing tiles. The researcher invented a chemical locally made that can be used to treat rice husk and make it workable in the production of roofing tiles.

It can not work except it is treated. Also burning the rice husk before use would destroy its water repellent qualities.

The equipment used are vibrator, Italian vortex hydra ferrar, pulverizing machine, oven, shovel and trowels, twenty four tests were carried out on the tiles including fire endurance 30min U-value 0. The tile is cost effective, strong, maintenance free; resistant to corrosion, water and heat, and it is not casenogenic.

The level of technological development determines the level of social, economic and environmental development. Nigeria for a long time, has depended on conventional building materials which are rather astronomically costly. The problem of over dependence on conventional building materials can be solved by diverting our attention toward the local sourcing of alternative materials for building and construction.

It was for this reason that the Nigerian building and road research institute NBRRI was established in ukot NBRRI laid emphasis on the development of suitable local building materials from mineral deposits and agro industrial wastes that are abundantly available at little or no cost.

The waste materials that are available in our environment include rice husk, saw dust, coconut fibre, palm kernel fibre, marble dust, stone dust to mention but a few.

Rice husk dumps are increasing in alarming proportion at Abakaliki. Disposing and evacuating the rice dumps is urgently necessary because of the impending environmental hazards, degradation and pollution it posses to the people and the environs. In attempt to dispose rice husk, most communities, set the rice husk takes dumps on fire. Unfortunately a small heap of rice husk takes months to get burnt to ashes. Opara noted that rice husk burns to ashes at the o temperature of F.

Even when burnt to ashes, it is still an eyesore in the communities especially during the rainy season. Rice husk dump on fire constitute serious environmental hazards especially during the harmattan season when the dust devil and other manner of winds blow.

It can set nearby buildings on fire. Some people are known to have died by unknowingly running into or stepping into rice husk dumps on fire beneath the surface. Rice husk can be used in the production of roofing tiles. Okorie stated that the harvested rice kernel known as paddy is enclosed by the hull or husks otherwise called rice husk.

To obtain the rice husk, the rice paddy is parboiled, dried and milled to separate the rice from the husk. He also revealed that the rice husk contains cuticule,a biological membrane that does not allow for easy.

The federal and State Government should realize that there is urgent need of reduction of prices of contemporary building materials through the manufacture of local building materials. With the break through in the sourcing of a local material that can be used in the production of roofing tiles such as rice husk, immediate action should be taken to establish large or small scale industries to utilize rice husk dumps in the production of roofing tiles.

The establishment of rice husk roofing tile industries will set in motion a giant stride in sustainable technological development in the country. Rice husk is not casenogenic and has no infection whatsoever. Rice is an edible food. It will project the image of Nigeria technologically to the outside world. Rice husk roofing tile industries, if established will create an open door for job opportunities for youth wishing to choose career in the production of roofing tiles and maintenance of machines used in the production of roofing tile.

It will surely reduce the unemployment and poverty rate in Nigeria. The production of rice husk roofing tile is the most effective means of disposing of the rice husk dumps in rice producing communities thereby solving the problem of environmental degradation, environmental pollution and environmental hazards caused by rice husk dumps in the rice producing communities in Nigeria. The commercialization of this rice husk roofing tile is a direct ticket toward the achievement of the melenium goal and the seven-point agenda of the president his Excellency, Shelmusa Yaradua[late] Investors should utilize this golden uportunity to enlarge the scope of their business , to advance Nigeria technologically,.

University of Jos. Bolynn, C. C , Production of roof tiles using Cocoanut fibre. Abuja Nigeria Bolyn Construction Ltd. Hornbostel, C. Naomichi, H , Hydromthermal reactivity of rice husk ash and its use for calcium silicate products. American Concrete Abstract A utility of rice husk and its derivations in building industry.

Parry, J. Fibre Concrete roofing. Gradley health: Parry and Associates. Ten years of building and road research activities in Nigeria Lagos. Ukpon A. O Partial displacement of cement with rice husk in concret element, unpublished manuscript.

And Ayorinde, O. Urban renewal is perceived to play an important role in the policy towards sustainable development of cities. The paper achieves this through a literature review of urban renewal programmes and draws out implications for effective urban renewal programme in Nigeria. Cities, as seen today exert an increasing attraction on people worldwide; in fact, the population tends to concentrate in big cities.

Gomez and st Salvador opined that in the 21 century the number of people living in cities will progressively increase. City is not an artificial construct; the city is a set of habits, customs and lifestyles. These elements are interrelated, and rather than being viewed individually, they are subsumed in the identity of place and the identification of the city Sepe, According to the author, the contemporary city is characterized by complexity, simultaneity and instability, producing situations of transience and transformation.

In the developed countries in Europe and America, transformations have contributed to an increasing urban identity crisis which transformed cities into heterogeneous. The mutations in interpersonal relationships and intergeneration gaps, technological development, mass migrations and globalization have transformed to spaces in the urban landscape; new types of place have arisen and the utilization of existing spaces has been modified Sepe, ; Gospodim, ; Gospodim, , pp.

However, each city has its own history, marked by the way it extended and grew; thus it is not surprising to find cities that expanded and occupied new land even in periods in which the population was decreasing.

Urban phenomenon is continuously increasing, extending the boundaries of the city or metropolitan areas. Thus, urban planning is experiencing a crisis; at least the concept of urban planning that appeared with the modern movement and its myriad of architects.

The reality in the big cities in Nigeria such as Lagos, Ibadan, Port Harcourt and Benin presents a number of problems that are worth mentioning. These include urban decay, slum, overcrowding, lawlessness; invasion of periurban spaces causes the loss of land and natural resources. The basis of the urban crisis lies in the dimensions and expansion of the large cities where these problems become even more severe. The number of slums in the city is estimated to have increased to about due to the inadequacy of private public institutions to provide housing the increasing population Adelekan, Inadequacy of basic infrastructures in the urban centres, in many African cities, poor urban planning together with other urban governance challenges contributes to making African urban slum dwellers works at risk.

Poor urban planning or lack of planning as urban development increases is evident in not preventing new development on areas at risk of flooding Adelekan, According to McGranahan et. Conclusion As stated Ademiluyi and Solanke, , Nigerian Urban centers are faced with numerous problems, so complex are these problems, that they urban centres can be described as an increasingly important stages on which all aspects of the human drama are performed; the highest learning and the grossest ignorance, unimaginable levels of wealth and the most abject poverty exists side by side.

Urban areas in Nigeria depend on natural resources for water, foods construction materials, energy and the disposal of wastes. Urbanization will not, however, deliver its benefits for sustainability automatically; they require careful preparation and nurturing. Thus revitalization of city centres calls for implementation in Nigeria.

Restoring vitality to urban centres means designing centres of attracting. It means offering more and different reasons to come to the city. It also means offering a space that can be used by different groups of people with different needs, each that can find satisfaction.

The above discussion and measure are fundamental to ensure efficient urban renewal that can transform our cities in Nigeria. Perhaps for the Nigerian urban centres to be healthy, and sustainable, the extent of urban decay needs to be investigated and renewal approaches should be identified as done in this study. Urban renewal or redevelopment can be a useful tool to facilitate the transformation of Nigerian cities.

However, in order to ensure sustainable urban development, it is important to take note of the following issues for implementation among others: Proper education and enlightenment of people on issues of urban renewal. Institutional arrangements in formulating and implementing urban renewal policies.

Statutory and executive power of implementation agencies and its composition of the board and public accountability. Compensation and rehousing policies. References Adelekan, I. Fifth Urban Research Symposium. Ademiluyi, I. Afsar, R. Agbola, T. Ahianba, J. Akinbode, I. Alao, J. Aluko B. Regional Conference Accra, Ghana, March 8 — Andersen, H.

Transformation of the Urban Concept Del. Ashley, R. Butler, D. Clark, A. Ho chi. Minh City, Vietnam, September. Emordi, E. ISSN — Glass, R. Reported in Glan, R. Gomez, F. Gospodim, A. Harvey, D. Hugo, G. Igbokwe, J. Lichtenberger, E. Mabogunje, A. Publishing Ltd. Mc Gianahan, G. Balk, D. Environment and Urbanization 19, 17 — Newman, P.

Oyesiku, O. Phillip, M. Sepe, M. Journal of Sustainable Development Planning Vol. Wadsworth Inc. Terradas, J. Rubes ed. Toman M. Opportunities and Challenges for Sustainability in an Urbanizing. Constructing a balance sheet and income statement; Constructing a cash flow statement; Understanding the balance sheet; Understanding the income statement and cash flow. Budgeting within a strategic framework; Building a robust budgeting process; A practical guide to developing budgets; Forecasting techniques; Tracking budget performance with variance analysis; Applied budgeting tools and techniques in Excel; Financial modeling best practices; Modeling cash flows; Building your financial model in Excel; Enhancing your model.

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Equity value vs. At the end of the course, candidates will have to participate in a final assessment which will cover all the topics introduced through the course content. As the Financial Modeling and Valuation Analyst credential course is offered in the online mode of delivery, there is no specific test centre or test location for the FMVA certification program. Therefore, it is a program which is highly suitable for professionals as the course content can be accessed anywhere with an internet connection.

The program is also available throughout the year and therefore there are no specific deadlines for application or registration. There are also no deadlines for course completion and the course content will be available to the candidate indefinitely after registration to the FMVA certification. These fees are subject to change as published by the CPI. The total course fees for the Financial Modeling and Valuation Analyst course and credential or the CFI tuition includes the cost for the following:.

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After a certain period of time, behavior becomes part of their life.